Milestones:First 500 MeV Proton Beam from the TRIUMF Cyclotron, 1974 and Milestones:16-bit Monolithic DAC, 1981: Difference between pages

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== Citation ==
== Citation ==


''At 3:30 pm on 15 December 1974, the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Since then, TRIUMF has used proton beams from its cyclotron (and secondary beams of pions, muons, neutrons and radioactive ions produced in its experimental halls) to conduct pioneering studies that have advanced nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.''
[[Image:DAC Milestone ceremony.JPG|thumb|right|Honorees at DAC Milestone ceremony, 6 December 2010. Photo copyright: Linda Prazak]]


The Milestone plaque can be viewed on a wall outside the cyclotron main control room at TRIUMF Meson Facility, 4004 Wesbrook MallVancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. (The first successful beam extraction was manually controlled from the main console in that room.)
[[File:2008-20 DAC milestone plaque mounted 2.JPG|200px|thumb|left|DAC Milestone plaque mounted outside the door]]


== Significance  ==
''In early 1982, Burr-Brown Research Corporation, later part of Texas Instruments, Inc., demonstrated a 16-bit monolithic digital-to-analog converter. Coupled with earlier compact disc development by Philips and Sony, it enabled affordable high-quality compact disc players, helped transform music distribution and playback from analog phonograph records to digital compact discs, and ushered in digital media playback.''


TRIUMF is Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. It is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities. Its operations are supported by the Government of Canada through a contribution from the National Research Council Canada while capital funds for buildings are provided by the Government of British Columbia.
The plaques may be viewed at:


TRIUMF's mission is:
#Texas Instruments' North Dallas campus, Dallas, TX U.S.A. outside the Semiconductor Building that has other TI landmarks installed. The outside location is chosen so that anyone at the building can easily see the milestone and its significance.
#Texas Instruments Building, 5411 East Williams, Blvd., Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.& where the product design and manufacturing actually happened.


*To make discoveries that address the most compelling questions in particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, and materials science;
== Historic significance of the 16-bit Monolithic DAC  ==
*To act as Canada’s steward for the advancement of particle accelerators and detection technologies; and
*To transfer knowledge, train highly skilled personnel, and commercialize research for the economic, social, environmental, and health benefit of all Canadians.


An aerial photo of the TRIUMF Laboratory is shown below. More information concerning the TRIUMF Laboratory can be found at [http://www.triumf.ca http://www.triumf.ca]
The PCM53/DAC700 was the world's first monolithic 16-bit DAC. Designed by Jimmy Naylor and TI / Burr-Brown data converter design team,<ref name="refnum1">"A complete high-speed voltage output 16-bit monolithic DAC", Naylor, J.R.;Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of Volume 18, Issue 6, Dec 1983 Page(s):729 – 735.</ref><ref name="refnum2">"A 16b monolithic DAC with voltage output", Naylor, J.; Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 1983 IEEE International, Volume XXVI, Feb 1983 Page(s):186 - 187.</ref><ref name="refnum3">United States Patent 4,423,409, Naylor , et al. December 27, 1983. Digital-to-analog converter having single-ended input interface circuit. Inventors: Naylor; Jimmy R. (Tucson, AZ), Lillis; William J. (Tucson, AZ), Wang; Anthony D. (Tucson, AZ). Assignee: Burr-Brown Research Corporation (Tucson, AZ). Appl. No.: 06/250,868. Filed: April 3, 1981.</ref><ref name="refnum4">United States Patent 4,381,497. Lillis , et al. April 26, 1983
Digital-to-analog converter having open-loop voltage reference for regulating bit switch currents. Inventors: Lillis; William J. (Tucson, AZ), Naylor; Jimmy R. (Tucson, AZ), Wang; Anthony D. (Tucson, AZ), White; Robert L. (Tucson, AZ). Assignee: Burr-Brown Research Corporation (Tucson, AZ). Appl. No.: 06/250,858. Filed: April 3, 1981. PCM53 datasheet</ref> this product played a key role in transforming the music industry from analog audio tapes and vinyl long play discs (LPs) into digital audio compact discs. This 16-bit DAC was designed in to almost all major manufacturers of CD players when the compact disc player was emerging as a superior digital audio apparatus and led TI / Burr-Brown to dominate the digital audio data converter market with more than 80% share for several years. The TI/ Burr Brown DAC was mentioned in the movie “The Italian Job”. This unique monolithic chip and its fundamental achievement together with the technical advances in audio and speech processing, digital signal processing, which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s,<ref name="refnum5">Gene Frantz and Larry Zhang, TI IEEE Electrical Engineering and Computing Milestone nomination: Speak &amp; Spell – the first implementation of a Digital Signal Processing IC for speech generation, 1978.</ref> resulted in digital audio<ref name="refnum6">IEEE milestone to N.V. Philips for "COMPACT DISC AUDIO PLAYER, 1979".</ref> overtaking analog audio and spawning a new digital audio industry that is still expanding today with the introduction of a new generation iPods and other MP3 players.  


[[Image:TRIUMF-site5.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of the TRIUMF Laboratory. The large building in the centre with the darkened roof houses the 500 MeV cyclotron.(photographs provided by the TRIUMF Laboratory)]]
For the first time, a complete 16-bit monolithic DAC had been integrated into a single chip with all the components necessary for a high performance digital to analog converter. Up until this point all 16-bit DACs were multi-chip hybrids that are not functionally complete because external components must be added and they were very costly to build. When Sony and Philips were designing the digital audio players, there were three fundamental problems that needed to be solved:


=== The 500 MeV Cyclotron  ===
#A medium that could store the amount of information needed for high fidelity audio. They started with digital tape, but settled on the compact disc (CD) format.
#Lowering the cost of the read mechanism (laser) to read the CD.
#A low cost, high performance DAC to play back the music!


The heart of the TRIUMF Laboratory is the 500 MeV cyclotron that was conceived, designed, constructed and commissioned between 1965 and 1974.&nbsp;The events leading up to extraction of the first 500 MeV proton beam from the cyclotron are described in:
TI / Burr-Brown’s design team were already working on a monolithic DAC for industrial markets, but the TI / Burr-Brown team stepped up the pace and were first to the emerging audio market. The differential linearity laser trim algorithm made the DAC "sound better” with lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) that was better than if you trimmed for absolute linearity. This was the best performance audio DAC of its time with much improved reliability over the older hybrid design which required multiple chips and over 100 wirebonds. With the help of TI/Burr-Brown Japan’s super sales and applications team the 16-bit monolithic converter DAC was designed in to almost all major manufacturers of CD players and dominated the digital to analog audio converter market with more than 80% share for several years.
<blockquote>J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, [http://epaper.kek.jp/p75/PDF/PAC1975_1402.PDF "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron,"] ''IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,'' vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975. </blockquote>
and in a retrospective that was prepared for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the event:


<blockquote>M.K. Craddock, [http://legacyweb.triumf.ca/history/99-users9_600m_600hyp.pdf| "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory,"]&nbsp;''Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group,''&nbsp;13 December 1999.&nbsp;&nbsp;</blockquote>
To reduce a multichip hybrid converter design to a single chip, several obstacles had to be overcome in the late 1970’s or early 1980’s: Power consumption changes on a single chip will cause thermal gradients that affect temperature sensitive components introducing offset, gain, and/or linearity errors. Since thermal gradients on the chip surface take a few hundred microseconds to stabilize after a power change, the settling time of the DAC output could be adversely affected. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as a thermal settling “tail.” Minimizing the die size precluded the use of large capacitor values that is common in a hybrid design, for the compensation of amplifiers or for suppressing switching transient. To realize the new single chip monolithic DAC, and holding the die size to less than 20,000 square mils to minimize the cost per die, required an innovative process technology. Rather than using a conventional 40 V bipolar process used for many analog circuits, a thinner epi process yielding 20 V BVCEO transistors was chosen. This saved considerable die area as typical transistor geometries are approximately 50 percent smaller.  


Compared to the first and second generation of cyclotrons that provided much lower beam energies and intensities, the physical size of the 500 MeV cyclotron is truly impressive. The main magnet is 18 metres in diameter and weighs 4000 tons. The 23 MHz main RF amplifier delivers almost 1 million watts of power in order to develop 200 kV across the accelerating gap. The photo below was taken during a maintenance period with the lid of the cyclotron's vacuum tank raised. The lone figure in the centre of the photo gives a sense of scale.
== References ==


[[Image:CL-11-sitting down.jpg|thumb|right|January 1972: TRIUMF staff gather on the lower six sectors of the cyclotron magnet.]][[Image:TRIUMF-inside the cyclotron.jpg|thumb|right|During maintenance periods, the lid of the cyclotron vacuum tank can be  raised to permit worker access. The lone figure in the centre of the photo provides a sense of scale.]]
<references />


[[Image:CL9-vacuum.jpg|thumb|right|February 1972: The base of the cyclotron  vacuum tank is turned over, following installation of the trim coils and  cooling coils.]][[Image:CL26 500Mev.jpg|thumb|right|December 1974: Director Dr. J. R. Richardson tunes the proton beam to the design energy of 500 Mev]][[Image:CL25-silver anniversary.jpg|thumb|right|December 1999: The Silver Anniversary celebration of the first extraction of a full energy proton beam from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Pictured are TRIUMF Directors from left, Dr. Jack Sample, Dr. Alan Astbury, and Dr. Erich Vogt.]]
== Letter from the site owner giving permission to place IEEE milestone plaque on the property. ==
The sheer scale of the design and construction effort required TRIUMF staff and contractors to develop revolutionary computer-assisted design, modelling, measurement and tuning technologies in an era dominated by mainframes and minicomputers. Some of these codes,&nbsp;e.g., ACCSIM, a synchrotron beam simulation code, and PHYSICA, a data analysis and plotting code, continue to be widely used, both within TRIUMF and at other laboratories.  


Because of its size, TRIUMF was one of the first particle accelerators to employ a software-based supervisory control and data&nbsp;acquisition (SCADA) system rather than direct linkage of cyclotron and beamline components to a hardware-based control panel.  
[[Media:RichTempleton_Letter_for_16Bit_DAC_milestone.pdf|Milestone Support Letter]]


By providing intermediate energy proton beams (i.e., beam energies greater than 100 MeV but less than 1 GeV) that are two orders of magnitude more intense than were previously available, the TRIUMF cyclotron (and its two sister meson factories in the United States and Switzerland) have revolutionized nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.
== Proposal and Nomination ==


The quality of the initial design and engineering and the significance of the result are underscored by the longevity of the TRIUMF cyclotron. Thirty-five years after the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted, the cyclotron is still the main engine of TRIUMF’s world-leading research program which currently includes meson physics, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear medicine and irradiation services for industry.
[[Milestone-Proposal:16-bit Monolithic DAC]] - Proposal, submitted 2008


In the 1980s, TRIUMF proposed to use the 500 MeV cyclotron to inject proton beams into a complex of storage rings and synchrotrons (often referred to as the KAON Factory) that would raise the proton beam energy to 30 GeV and yield the most intense high energy proton beams in the world - about 100 times the particle flux of existing machines. Details are described in many publications, including:
[[Milestone-Nomination:16-bit Monolithic DAC, 1981]] - Nomination, submitted June 8th, 2009


M.K. Craddock, "[http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_0057.PDF The TRIUMF Kaon Factory]" in Proc. 1991 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.
== Map ==
 
KAON is both the name of the high energy K-mesons that the accelerator complex would have made and an acronym that refers to the entire suite of particles that would have been produced, including K-mesons, Anti-protons, Other hadrons and Neutrinos.
 
Although the KAON project was unable to secure the international investment required to proceed to full construction and was eventually shelved in the mid-1990s, the intense development effort prepared the TRIUMF Laboratory to take on other ambitious projects in the 1990s and 2000s. Foremost among these is ISAC (Isotope Separation and Acceleration), a facility in which a proton beam from the 500 MeV cyclotron is used to produce beams of exotic isotopes which are further accelerated using linear accelerators. The facility allows researchers to study the properties and structure of these exotic isotopes.
 
TRIUMF is contributing the skills and knowledge that it has developed during the past forty years to other labs. It has provided accelerator and beam-line components to facilities such as the Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) at DESY in Hamburg, the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It has also provided detectors and other equipment used in the ATLAS detector employed by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and the T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan.
 
TRIUMF, in partnership with MDS Nordion, uses proton beams from the main cyclotron and four smaller cyclotrons to produce radioisotopes for use in medical imaging and diagnostics. The recent decision to fund Advanced Applied Physics Solutions (AAPS) under the Canadian Centres of Excellence in Commercialization and Research program paves the way to further application of TRIUMF-based discoveries and methods in ways that directly benefit society.
 
== Distinguishing features or characteristics of this work  ==
 
TRIUMF is the world's largest cyclotron, and one of only five intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators in the world. The TRIUMF design team was among the first to adopt the use of H<sup>-</sup> ions to simplify beam extraction and the use of an AVF (azimuthally varying field) main magnet to permit both isochronous acceleration and proper focusing of the H<sup>-</sup> ions even as they reach relativistic velocities. They also pioneered the simultaneous extraction of multiple (up to 4) beams at independently variable energies (70-520 MeV).
 
(H<sup>-</sup> ion beams can be easily extracted from the cyclotron by passing them through a stripping foil that removes the two electrons from each ion. If the foil is correctly positioned, the resulting proton beam simply curves in the opposite direction, out of the cyclotron's beam port and into the beamline. The fragility of H<sup>-</sup> ions limits the magnetic field strength that can be used, accounting for the large size of the cyclotron.)
 
Unlike the world's other four intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators (the two other meson factories located at the Paul Scherrer Institut&nbsp;near Zurich and the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, the SNS linear accelerator located near Oak Ridge, TN and the ISIS synchrotron located in Oxfordshire, UK, respectively), the TRIUMF cyclotron can deliver multiple variable-energy and full-energy proton beams simultaneously with a 100% macroscopic duty cycle.
 
The high intensity of the beam allows the cyclotron to serve as the driver for multiple experiments within the course of a week. The TRIUMF cyclotron’s ability to provide steady, intense and reliable energy beams in a flexible manner has also allowed the facility to become a world leader in providing beams of exotic isotopes using the "isotope separation online" technique.


== References ==
{{#display_map:32.21713, -110.87787~ ~ ~ ~ ~Texas Instruments, Tucson, AZ|height=250|zoom=10|static=yes|center=32.21713, -110.87787}}


Craddock, "[http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_0057.PDF The TRIUMF Kaon Factory]" in Proc. 1991 IEEE&nbsp;Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.
M.K. Craddock, [http://legacyweb.triumf.ca/history/99-users9_600m_600hyp.pdf| "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory,"]&nbsp;''Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group,''&nbsp;13 December 1999.&nbsp;&nbsp;
J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, [http://epaper.kek.jp/p75/PDF/PAC1975_1402.PDF "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron,"] ''IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,'' vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975.
== Acknowledgements ==
This nomination was prepared by:
Prof. Dave Michelson, University of British Columbia
Prof. Mike Craddock, University of British Columbia
Dr. Tim Meyer, TRIUMF,
Dr. Ewart Blackmore, TRIUMF
== Proposals and Nominations ==
[[Milestone-Proposal:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron]] - Proposal, created October 5th, 2009
[[Milestone-Nomination:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron]] - Nomination, created January 8th, 2010
== Map ==


{{#display_map:49.247806, -123.229566~ ~ ~ ~ ~University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada|height=250|zoom=10|static=yes|center=49.247806, -123.229566}}
[[Category:Consumer electronics|Dac]] [[Category:Signals|Dac]] [[Category:Signal processing|Dac]] [[Category:Digital signal processing|Dac]]


[[Category:Nuclear_and_plasma_sciences|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Digital_signal_processing|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Particles|{{PAGENAME}}]]

Revision as of 19:16, 6 January 2015

Citation

Honorees at DAC Milestone ceremony, 6 December 2010. Photo copyright: Linda Prazak
DAC Milestone plaque mounted outside the door

In early 1982, Burr-Brown Research Corporation, later part of Texas Instruments, Inc., demonstrated a 16-bit monolithic digital-to-analog converter. Coupled with earlier compact disc development by Philips and Sony, it enabled affordable high-quality compact disc players, helped transform music distribution and playback from analog phonograph records to digital compact discs, and ushered in digital media playback.

The plaques may be viewed at:

  1. Texas Instruments' North Dallas campus, Dallas, TX U.S.A. outside the Semiconductor Building that has other TI landmarks installed. The outside location is chosen so that anyone at the building can easily see the milestone and its significance.
  2. Texas Instruments Building, 5411 East Williams, Blvd., Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.& where the product design and manufacturing actually happened.

Historic significance of the 16-bit Monolithic DAC

The PCM53/DAC700 was the world's first monolithic 16-bit DAC. Designed by Jimmy Naylor and TI / Burr-Brown data converter design team,[1][2][3][4] this product played a key role in transforming the music industry from analog audio tapes and vinyl long play discs (LPs) into digital audio compact discs. This 16-bit DAC was designed in to almost all major manufacturers of CD players when the compact disc player was emerging as a superior digital audio apparatus and led TI / Burr-Brown to dominate the digital audio data converter market with more than 80% share for several years. The TI/ Burr Brown DAC was mentioned in the movie “The Italian Job”. This unique monolithic chip and its fundamental achievement together with the technical advances in audio and speech processing, digital signal processing, which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s,[5] resulted in digital audio[6] overtaking analog audio and spawning a new digital audio industry that is still expanding today with the introduction of a new generation iPods and other MP3 players.

For the first time, a complete 16-bit monolithic DAC had been integrated into a single chip with all the components necessary for a high performance digital to analog converter. Up until this point all 16-bit DACs were multi-chip hybrids that are not functionally complete because external components must be added and they were very costly to build. When Sony and Philips were designing the digital audio players, there were three fundamental problems that needed to be solved:

  1. A medium that could store the amount of information needed for high fidelity audio. They started with digital tape, but settled on the compact disc (CD) format.
  2. Lowering the cost of the read mechanism (laser) to read the CD.
  3. A low cost, high performance DAC to play back the music!

TI / Burr-Brown’s design team were already working on a monolithic DAC for industrial markets, but the TI / Burr-Brown team stepped up the pace and were first to the emerging audio market. The differential linearity laser trim algorithm made the DAC "sound better” with lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) that was better than if you trimmed for absolute linearity. This was the best performance audio DAC of its time with much improved reliability over the older hybrid design which required multiple chips and over 100 wirebonds. With the help of TI/Burr-Brown Japan’s super sales and applications team the 16-bit monolithic converter DAC was designed in to almost all major manufacturers of CD players and dominated the digital to analog audio converter market with more than 80% share for several years.

To reduce a multichip hybrid converter design to a single chip, several obstacles had to be overcome in the late 1970’s or early 1980’s: Power consumption changes on a single chip will cause thermal gradients that affect temperature sensitive components introducing offset, gain, and/or linearity errors. Since thermal gradients on the chip surface take a few hundred microseconds to stabilize after a power change, the settling time of the DAC output could be adversely affected. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as a thermal settling “tail.” Minimizing the die size precluded the use of large capacitor values that is common in a hybrid design, for the compensation of amplifiers or for suppressing switching transient. To realize the new single chip monolithic DAC, and holding the die size to less than 20,000 square mils to minimize the cost per die, required an innovative process technology. Rather than using a conventional 40 V bipolar process used for many analog circuits, a thinner epi process yielding 20 V BVCEO transistors was chosen. This saved considerable die area as typical transistor geometries are approximately 50 percent smaller.

References

  1. ↑ "A complete high-speed voltage output 16-bit monolithic DAC", Naylor, J.R.;Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of Volume 18, Issue 6, Dec 1983 Page(s):729 – 735.
  2. ↑ "A 16b monolithic DAC with voltage output", Naylor, J.; Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 1983 IEEE International, Volume XXVI, Feb 1983 Page(s):186 - 187.
  3. ↑ United States Patent 4,423,409, Naylor , et al. December 27, 1983. Digital-to-analog converter having single-ended input interface circuit. Inventors: Naylor; Jimmy R. (Tucson, AZ), Lillis; William J. (Tucson, AZ), Wang; Anthony D. (Tucson, AZ). Assignee: Burr-Brown Research Corporation (Tucson, AZ). Appl. No.: 06/250,868. Filed: April 3, 1981.
  4. ↑ United States Patent 4,381,497. Lillis , et al. April 26, 1983 Digital-to-analog converter having open-loop voltage reference for regulating bit switch currents. Inventors: Lillis; William J. (Tucson, AZ), Naylor; Jimmy R. (Tucson, AZ), Wang; Anthony D. (Tucson, AZ), White; Robert L. (Tucson, AZ). Assignee: Burr-Brown Research Corporation (Tucson, AZ). Appl. No.: 06/250,858. Filed: April 3, 1981. PCM53 datasheet
  5. ↑ Gene Frantz and Larry Zhang, TI IEEE Electrical Engineering and Computing Milestone nomination: Speak & Spell – the first implementation of a Digital Signal Processing IC for speech generation, 1978.
  6. ↑ IEEE milestone to N.V. Philips for "COMPACT DISC AUDIO PLAYER, 1979".

Letter from the site owner giving permission to place IEEE milestone plaque on the property.

Milestone Support Letter

Proposal and Nomination

Milestone-Proposal:16-bit Monolithic DAC - Proposal, submitted 2008

Milestone-Nomination:16-bit Monolithic DAC, 1981 - Nomination, submitted June 8th, 2009

Map

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