Milestones:Popov's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication, 1895 and Milestones:First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958: Difference between pages

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First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958

On 12 September 1958, Jack S. Kilby demonstrated the first working integrated circuit to managers at Texas Instruments. This was the first time electronic components were integrated onto a single substrate. This seminal device consisted of a phase shift oscillator circuit on a tiny bar of germanium measuring 7/16” by 1/16” (11.1 mm by 1.6 mm). Today, integrated circuits are the fundamental building blocks of virtually all electronic equipment.

The plaque can be viewed at Texas Instruments, North Campus, 13532 North Central Expressway, Dallas, TX, U.S.A.

The integrated circuit is the invention that enabled the modern electronics industry. Originally used in military applications, it quickly became the core of commercial and consumer electronics, and moved into medical equipment, household appliances, automobiles and even musical greeting cards. It is estimated that the average person encounters thousands of integrated circuits every day. Because of this invention, the electronics industry has grown from $29 billion in 1961 to $1500 billion today. Among the remarkable things it has enabled are:

Space exploration;
Personal computers;
Cell phones;
Digital cameras;
Anti-locking brakes;
Cochlear implants that helps the deaf to hear and cornea implants that help the blind to see;
Picture-perfect images for sonograms and medical diagnostics.
The invention of the integrated circuit won the inventor, Jack Kilby, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000, the National Medal of Science in 1970, and induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1982.

This invention set in motion the technology that would enable the second industrial revolution, and its in-situ form made it possible for future generations of integrated circuits to become orders of magnitude smaller and more powerful. Today, the integrated circuit is the fundamental building block of all electronic equipment. The integrated circuit was the answer to a difficult technological problem known as the “tyranny of numbers.” At the time, the recently invented transistor was inspiring engineers to design evermore complex electronic circuits and equipment containing hundreds or thousands of discrete components such as transistors, diodes, rectifiers and capacitors. But the problem was that these components still had to be interconnected to form electronic circuits, and hand-soldering thousands of components to thousands of bits of wire was expensive and time-consuming. It was also unreliable; every soldered joint was a potential source of trouble. The challenge was to find cost-effective, reliable ways of interconnecting these components and producing them. It wasn’t until the invention of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby that this could be done and electronic equipment could start its dramatic course of commercialization and miniaturization. In 1976, Kilby provided insight into his thinking by explaining, “Further thought led me to the conclusion that semiconductors were all that were really required — that resistors and capacitors [passive devices], in particular, could be made from the same material as the active devices [transistors]. I also realized that, since all of the components could be made of a single material, they could also be made in situ interconnected to form a complete circuit." The invention caused a lot of buzz and controversy in the first few years as it was shown at trade shows. Recognizing the need for a "demonstration product" to speed widespread use of the integrated circuit, TI management challenged Kilby to design a calculator as powerful as the large, electro-mechanical desktop models of the day, but small enough to fit in a coat pocket. The resulting electronic hand-held calculator, of which Kilby is a co-inventor, successfully commercialized the integrated circuit.

References

1. TI Home > About TI > Company Info > TI People > Jack Kilby > About Jack http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/kilby.shtml

2. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000
Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, USA
"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
http://nobelprize.org/

3. The Kilby International Awards Foundation.
http://www.kilby.org/. Jack St. Clair Kilby, The Namesake of the Foundation.
Tribute to Jack Kilby. A Statement from the Trustees & Councils of the Kilby Awards Foundation

4. IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal
http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/kilbysum.html

References to Kilby’s Publications:

5. Kilby, J.S.; The integrated circuit's early history - Proceedings of the IEEE
6. Kilby, J.S.; “ Invention of the integrated circuit”, Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 23, Issue 7, Jul 1976 Page(s):648 – 654.
7. Platzek, R.C.; Kilby, J.S.; “Minuteman integrated circuits—A study in combined operations”,
Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume 52, Issue 12, Dec. 1964 Page(s):1669 - 1678

Map

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-== Popov's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication, 1895  ==
+== First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958  ==
-[[IEEE Russia (Northwest) Section History|IEEE Russia (Northwest) Section]], Dedication: May 2005&nbsp; [[Image:Popov's Contribution.jpg|thumb]]
+<p>''On 12 September 1958, [[Jack Kilby|Jack S. Kilby]] demonstrated the first working [[Integrated Circuits|integrated circuit]] to managers at Texas Instruments. This was the first time electronic components were integrated onto a single substrate. This seminal device consisted of a phase shift oscillator circuit on a tiny bar of germanium measuring 7/16” by 1/16” (11.1 mm by 1.6 mm). Today, integrated circuits are the fundamental building blocks of virtually all electronic equipment.''</p>
-''On 7 May 1895, A. S. Popov demonstrated the possibility of transmitting and receiving short, continuous signals over a distance up to 64 meters by means of electromagnetic waves with the help of a special portable device responding to electrical oscillation which was a significant contribution to the development of wireless communication.''
+'''The plaque can be viewed at Texas Instruments, North Campus, 13532 North Central Expressway, Dallas, TX, U.S.A.'''
-'''The plaque can be viewed at the St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, Russia.'''
+<p>The integrated circuit is the invention that enabled the modern electronics industry. Originally used in military applications, it quickly became the core of commercial and consumer electronics, and moved into medical equipment, household appliances, automobiles and even musical greeting cards. It is estimated that the average person encounters thousands of integrated circuits every day. Because of this invention, the electronics industry has grown from $29 billion in 1961 to $1500 billion today. Among the remarkable things it has enabled are: </p>
-[[Aleksandr Popov|Aleksandr S. Popov]] (also spelled Popoff) was born on 16 March 1859 in Krasnoturinsk, Russia. One of seven children, he attended a Russian Orthodox seminary to encourage him to follow his father's profession, the priesthood. But while in the Seminary he became interested in physics, which led to his admission to the University of St. Petersburg. He graduated with distinction, and stayed on one additional year as a laboratory assistant. In 1883 he joined the Russian Navy's Torpedo School as an instructor. This afforded him the use of the School's extensive library to continue his research.
+*Space exploration;
+*Personal computers;
+*Cell phones;
+*Digital cameras;
+*Anti-locking brakes;
+*Cochlear implants that helps the deaf to hear and cornea implants that help the blind to see;
+*Picture-perfect images for sonograms and medical diagnostics.
+*The invention of the integrated circuit won the inventor, Jack Kilby, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000, the National Medal of Science in 1970, and induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1982.
-In 1890 he began teaching at the Marine Engineering School, part of the Russian Naval Department. It was here that he was required to sign a non-disclosure statement concerning his work, which would prove detrimental to his claim as an inventor of radio. During his tenure at the School he taught electrical engineering, math and physics. He studied the works of [[Heinrich Hertz|Hertz]], [[Oliver Lodge|Lodge]], and others. It was his intention to invent an instrument that could detect lightning. On 7 May 1895 he demonstrated his apparatus to the members of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. Popov's receiver consisted of a metal filings [[Coherer|coherer]] he had developed as the detector element together with an antenna, a relay, and a bell. Although not initially meant as a means to transmit "intelligence", it proved the feasibility of radio.
+<p>This invention set in motion the technology that would enable the second industrial revolution, and its in-situ form made it possible for future generations of integrated circuits to become orders of magnitude smaller and more powerful. Today, the integrated circuit is the fundamental building block of all electronic equipment. The integrated circuit was the answer to a difficult technological problem known as the “tyranny of numbers.” At the time, the recently invented transistor was inspiring engineers to design evermore complex electronic circuits and equipment containing hundreds or thousands of discrete components such as transistors, diodes, rectifiers and capacitors. But the problem was that these components still had to be interconnected to form electronic circuits, and hand-soldering thousands of components to thousands of bits of wire was expensive and time-consuming. It was also unreliable; every soldered joint was a potential source of trouble. The challenge was to find cost-effective, reliable ways of interconnecting these components and producing them. It wasn’t until the invention of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby that this could be done and electronic equipment could start its dramatic course of commercialization and miniaturization. In 1976, Kilby provided insight into his thinking by explaining, “Further thought led me to the conclusion that semiconductors were all that were really required — that resistors and capacitors [passive devices], in particular, could be made from the same material as the active devices [transistors]. I also realized that, since all of the components could be made of a single material, they could also be made in situ interconnected to form a complete circuit." The invention caused a lot of buzz and controversy in the first few years as it was shown at trade shows. Recognizing the need for a "demonstration product" to speed widespread use of the integrated circuit, TI management challenged Kilby to design a calculator as powerful as the large, electro-mechanical desktop models of the day, but small enough to fit in a coat pocket. The resulting electronic hand-held calculator, of which Kilby is a co-inventor, successfully commercialized the integrated circuit.</p>
-Over the next several years he continued his research as a director (appointed in 1901) of the St. Petersburg Electro-Technical Institute. He died on 13 January 1906 in St. Petersburg.
+== References  ==
-In 1945, 7 May was declared "Radio Day" in Russia, in honor of Popov's accomplishments.
+<p>1. TI Home &gt; About TI &gt; Company Info &gt; TI People &gt; Jack Kilby &gt; About Jack http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/kilby.shtml</p>
+<p>2. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000<br>Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, USA<br>"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"<br>http://nobelprize.org/ </p>
+<p>3. The Kilby International Awards Foundation. <br>http://www.kilby.org/. Jack St. Clair Kilby, The Namesake of the Foundation. <br>Tribute to Jack Kilby. A Statement from the Trustees &amp; Councils of the Kilby Awards Foundation </p>
+<p>4. IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal<br>http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/kilbysum.html </p>
+<p>References to Kilby’s Publications: </p>
+<p>5. Kilby, J.S.; The integrated circuit's early history - Proceedings of the IEEE<br>6. Kilby, J.S.; “ Invention of the integrated circuit”, Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 23, Issue 7, Jul 1976 Page(s):648 – 654. <br>7. Platzek, R.C.; Kilby, J.S.; “Minuteman integrated circuits—A study in combined operations”,<br>Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume 52, Issue 12, Dec. 1964 Page(s):1669 - 1678</p>
 == Map ==
-{{#display_map:59.943371, 30.378571~ ~ ~ ~ ~St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, Professor Popov str. 5, St. Petersburg, Russia|height=250|zoom=10|static=yes|center=59.943371, 30.378571}}
+{{#display_map:32.924951, -96.756635~ ~ ~ ~ ~Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX|height=250|zoom=10|static=yes|center=32.924951, -96.756635}}
-[[Category:Communications|{{PAGENAME}}]]
+[[Category:Integrated circuits|Semiconductor]] [[Category:Semiconductor devices|Semiconductor]]
-[[Category:Telegraphy|{{PAGENAME}}]]
-[[Category:Wireless_telegraphy|{{PAGENAME}}]]
-[[Category:News|{{PAGENAME}}]]