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| == List of Milestones by Region == | | == Biography == |
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| ''<u>'''This page is currently under construction'''</u>''<u></u>.
| | [[Image:225px-Sir Mark Oliphant.jpg|thumb|left|Mark Oliphant]] |
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| To See the locations of IEEE Milestones on a map, click on [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Map http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Map]
| | Sir Marcus 'Mark' Laurence Elwin Oliphant AC, KBE (October 8, 1901 – July 14, 2000) was an Australian physicist and humanitarian who played a fundamental role in the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion and the development of the atomic bomb. |
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| To see the list of all dedicated milestones click on [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php?title=Milestones:List_of_IEEE_Milestones http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php?title=Milestones:List_of_IEEE_Milestones]
| | During retirement he was appointed state governor of South Australia. He assisted in the inauguration of the Australian Democrats and chaired the 1977 Melbourne meeting at which the party was launched. |
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| To see the list of dedicated milestones by date dedicated, click on [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:List_of_Milestones_by_Dedication_Year http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:List_of_Milestones_by_Dedication_Year]
| | [[Image:1382-cavendish laboratory.jpg|thumb|right|Cavendish Laboratory]] |
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| | In 1925, he heard a speech given by New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford and decided then and there that he would work for him—an ambition he fulfilled by gaining a position at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1927 which was at the time carrying out the most advanced research into nuclear physics in the world. It was at the Cavendish, for example, that the atom was first split in 1932. Amongst other research, Oliphant worked on the artificial disintegration of the atomic nucleus and positive ions, and he designed complex [[Particle accelerators|particle accelerators]]. |
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| === Region I ===
| | Oliphant's contribution to this work was his discovery of the nuclei of helium 3 (helions) and tritium (tritons). He was also the first to discover heavy hydrogen nuclei could be made to react with each other (tritons and helions being the products, along with protons and neutrons). This fusion reaction is the basis of a hydrogen bomb and fusion power reactors. Ten years later, American scientist Edward Teller would press to use Oliphant's discovery in order to build one. However, Oliphant did not foresee this: "we had no idea whatever that this would one day be applied to make [[Nuclear Bombs|hydrogen bombs]]. Our curiosity was just curiosity about the structure of the nucleus of the atom, and the discovery of these reactions was purely, as the Americans would put it, coincidental." |
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| {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="460"
| | In 1937, Oliphant was appointed professor of physics at the University of Birmingham. While visiting prototype radar stations, he realized that a shorter wavelength was needed urgently. In 1939, he obtained a grant from the British Admiralty to develop radar with a wavelength less than 10 centimetres, compared to the best available at the time of 150 cm. |
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| |'''Date'''
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| |'''Dedicated'''
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| |'''Name of Milestone'''
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| |'''Section'''|
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| |-
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| |1982
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| |Electrification of NY, NH railroad
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| |Connecticut
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| |-
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| |1987
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| |Two-way Police Radio
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| |North Jersey
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| |-
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| |1987
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| |FM Police Radio
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| |Connecticut
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| |-
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| |1988
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| |Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy
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| |North Jersey
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| |-
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| |1990
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| |Adams Hydroelectric Plant
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| |Buffalo
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| |-
| |
| |1990
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| |MIT Radiation Lab
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| |Boston
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| |-
| |
| |1992
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| |Alexanderson Radio Alternator
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| |Schenectady
| |
| |-
| |
| |2002
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| |Transatlantic TV by Satellite
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| |Maine
| |
| |-
| |
| |2004
| |
| |Boston Electrical Fire Alarm
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| |Boston
| |
| |-
| |
| |2004
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| |Alternating Current Electrification
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| |Berkshire
| |
| |-
| |
| |2004
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| |Boston Rapid Transit Power System
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| |Boston
| |
| |-
| |
| |2006
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| |First Intelligible Speech over Wire
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| |Boston
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| |-
| |
| |2006
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| |Edison Site at Menlo Park
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| |Princeton/Central Jersey
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| |-
| |
| |2008
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| |Edison Lab and Factory,West Orange
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| |Princeton/North Jersey
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| |-
| |
| |2008
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| |Fessenden Broadcast
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| |Boston
| |
| |-
| |
| |2008
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| |Largest DC Generating Plant in US
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| |New York
| |
| |-
| |
| |2009
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| |Invention of Transistor
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| |North Jersey
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| |-
| |
| |2009
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| |Franklin Experiments in Philadelphia
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| |Philadelphia
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| |-
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| |2009
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| |Watson Research Center
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| |New York
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| |-
| |
| |2010
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| |TIROS Satellite
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| |Princeton/Central Jersey
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| |-
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| |2011
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| |Edison Pearl Street Station
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| |New York
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| |-
| |
| |2011
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| |Lunar Module
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| |Long Island
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| |-
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| |2011
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| |Real-Time Packet Switching
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| |Boston
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| |-
| |
| |2011
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| |Apollo Guidance Computer
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| |Boston
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| |-
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| |2012
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| |Low Loss Optical Fiber
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| |Corning Section/Photonics Society
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| |-
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| |2012
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| |LORAN
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| |Boston
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| |-
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| |2012
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| |Whirlwind Computer
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| |Boston
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| |-
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| |2012
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| |SAGE system
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| |Boston
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| |}
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| === Region 2 ===
| | In 1939, he also visited Berkeley, California, where he met Ernest Lawrence, who gave him a complete set of specifications for his 60-inch cyclotron at Birmingham, but the war prevented this from being completed until 1950. |
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| 1985 Westinghouse Atom Smasher Pittsburgh<br>
| | === Role in airborne radar development === |
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| 1987 ENIAC Philadelphia
| | Oliphant's group at Birmingham included John Randall and [[Henry A. H. Boot|Harry Boot]] who developed the resonant-cavity magnetron in 1940, achieving the wavelengths needed for an airborne radar. The magnetron's power was soon increased 100-fold, and Birmingham concentrated on magnetron development. The first operational magnetrons were delivered in August 1941. This invention was one of the key scientific breakthroughs during the war and played a major part in defeating the German U-boats, intercepting enemy bombers and in directing Allied bombers. See also Tizard Mission. |
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| 1989 Manufacture of Transistors Lehigh Valley
| | === Role in atomic bomb development === |
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| 1994 KDKA Commercial Radio Pittsburgh<br>
| | Also at Birmingham, in 1940, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls had calculated that a uranium-235 atomic bomb was feasible. Oliphant took their findings at once to higher authority. A committee, code-named Maud, sent the report to the US "Uranium Committee" around March 1941 but the Americans took no action. |
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| 2001 US Naval Computing Lab Dayton
| | Britain was at war and felt an atomic bomb was urgent; there was less urgency in the USA. Mark Oliphant was one of the people who pushed the American programme into action. Oliphant flew to the United States in late August 1941 in an unheated bomber, ostensibly to discuss the radar programme but was actually tasked to find out why the United States was ignoring the Maud Committee's findings. Oliphant said that "the minutes and reports had been sent to Lyman Briggs, who was the Director of the Uranium Committee, and we were puzzled to receive virtually no comment. I called on Briggs in Washington, only to find out that this inarticulate and unimpressive man had put the reports in his safe and had not shown them to members of his committee. I was amazed and distressed." |
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| Monochrome-Compatible Color TV Princeton/Central New Jersey
| | Oliphant then met with the Uranium Committee. Samuel K. Allison was a new committee member, a talented experimentalist and a protege of Arthur Compton at the University of Chicago. Oliphant "came to a meeting," Allison recalls, "and said 'bomb' in no uncertain terms. He told us we must concentrate every effort on the bomb and said we had no right to work on power plants or anything but the bomb. The bomb would cost 25 million dollars, he said, and Britain did not have the money or the manpower, so it was up to us." Allison was surprised that Briggs had kept the committee in the dark. |
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| 2006 Liquid Crystal Display Princeton/Central New Jersey
| | Oliphant then visited his friends Ernest Lawrence, James Conant and [[Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]] to explain the urgency. Lawrence then also contacted Conant and Arthur Compton. On July 1, 1941 Vannevar Bush, chairman of the National Defense Research Committee, created the larger and more powerful Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) which was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research. The Uranium Committee became the S-1 Project of the OSRD and in December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Manhattan Engineering District was built, and the project was dubbed the [[Manhattan Project|Manhattan Project]]. |
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| 2012 B&O Railroad electrification Baltimore
| | In November 1943, Oliphant moved to work on the Manhattan Project as part of the British delegation. The work on the bomb made him uneasy and he preferred to concentrate on processes for refining uranium-235 at Berkeley with his friend Ernest Lawrence - a vital but less overtly military part of the project. He was awarded the 1943 Hughes Medal. |
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| | He returned to England in April 1945 and, after VE-Day, resumed his post as professor of physics at the University of Birmingham. It was here that he first heard of the use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. He was later to remark that he felt "sort of proud that the bomb had worked, and absolutely appalled at what it had done to human beings." He became a harsh critic of nuclear weapons and a member of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. ". . . I, right from the beginning, have been terribly worried by the existence of nuclear weapons and very much against their use." His wartime work would have earned him a Congressional Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm, but the Australian government vetoed the honor. |
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| === Region 3 === | | === Later years in Australia === |
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| 1986 First Central Power Station in South Carolina Coastal South Carolina<br>
| | In 1950, Oliphant returned to Australia as first director of the Research School of Physical Sciences at the new Australian National University, where he initiated the design and construction of the world's largest (500MJ) homopolar generator. This machine was used to power the large-scale railgun which was used as a scientific instrument. He established the Australian Academy of Science in 1954 and was its first president until 1956. After retiring from the university in 1967, Oliphant was invited to become state governor of South Australia, a position he held from 1971 to 1976. During his period he caused great concern to premier Don Dunstan when he strongly supported the decision of the governor-general, Sir John Kerr in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. Oliphant was knighted in 1959 and was made a Companion in the Order of Australia (AC) in 1977. |
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| 1992 Richmond Union Passenger Railway Richmond<br>
| | Late in life he watched his wife, Rosa, suffer before her death in 1987 and became an advocate for voluntary euthanasia. |
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| 2001 Electrical Technology for Space Launches Canaveral
| | On July 14, 2000, Oliphant died in Canberra, aged 98.<br> |
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| <br>
| | == Larson Collection Interview == |
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| === Region 4 === | | {{#widget:YouTube16x9|id=z0QaXvLsR9A</youtube> |
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| 1977 Vulcan Street hydroelectric plant Northeastern Wisconsin <br>1987 One-way Police Radio Southeastern Michigan <br>1990 Atanasoff-Berry Computer Central Iowa
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| 1999 Wearable Cardiac Pacemaker Twin Cities<br>
| | {{DEFAULTSORT:Oliphant}} |
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| 2001 Byrd Antartic Shortwave Cedar Rapids
| | [[Category:News]] |
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| 2012 First Reliable HV Fuse Chicago
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| === Region 5 ===
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| 1988 Ames Hydroelectric Station Pikes Peak<br>
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| 1990 Transcontinental Telegraph Denver
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| 1991 Shoshone Transmission Line Denver<br>1999 Georgetown Steam/Hydro Plant Denver<br>
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| Merril Wheel Balancing System Denver
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| 2005 Taum Sauk Pumped Storage St Louis
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| 2009 Speak-and-Spell Speech IC Dallas
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| 2010 First 16-bit Monolithic DAC Dallas
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| 2011 Mercury Spacecraft Controls St Louis<br>
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| === Region 6 ===
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| 1984 Stanford Linear Accelerator San Francisco Bay Area Council<br>
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| 1997 Mill Creek Hydroelectric Station Foothill<br>2000 Opana Radar Hawaii
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| 2004 Experimental Breeder Reactor Eastern Idaho
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| 2005 RAMAC Santa Clara Valley
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| 2009 Pocket-sized Electronic Calculator Santa Clara Valley
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| Planar Process Integrated Circuit Santa Clara Valley
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| Birthplace of Internet Coastal Los Angeles
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| Inception of Arpanet Santa Clara
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| 2010 Demonstration of Working Laser Metro Los Angeles
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| 2011 SPICE Circuit Simulation Program Santa Clara
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| 2012 Floating Gate EEPROM Santa Clara Valley
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| <br>
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| === <br>Region 7 ===
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| 1985 Landing of Transatlantic Telegraph Newfoundland-Labrador <br> Reception of Transatlantic Radio Signals Newfoundland-Labrador
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| 1993 Alouette-Isis Satellite Ottawa<br>
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| 2004 Decew Falls Hydroelectric Plant Hamilton
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| 2005 735kV AC Transmission system Quebec
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| Nelson River HVDC Winnipeg
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| 2006 TAT-1 Telephone Cable Newfoundland-Labrador and Canadian Atlantic
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| 2008 First Distant Speech Transmission Hamilton
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| Piniwa Hydroelectric Winnipeg
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| 2009 First External Pacemaker Toronto
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| 2010 First TV Broadcast in Western Canada Vancouver
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| Radio Astronomy Using VLBA Vancouver
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| TRIUMF Cyclotron Vancouver
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| 2011 Eel River HVDC Converter New Brunswick<br>
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| === Region 8 ===
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| 1994 Poulsen Arc Radio Transmitter Denmark
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| 1999 Volta's Battery Italy
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| Operational Use of Wirelss South Africa
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| 2000 County Kerry Wireless Station UKRI
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| 2001 Transmission of Transatlantic Radio UKRI
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| 2002 Shannon Electrification UKRI
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| Transatlantic TV by Satellite France, UKRI
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| Pioneering Work on Quartz Watch Switzerland
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| 2003 Marconi Early Wireless Experiments Switzerland
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| Franklin's Work in London UKRI
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| Bletchley Park Codebreaking UKRI
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| 2004 Fleming Valve UKRI
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| Lempel-Ziv Algorithm Israel
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| 2005 Popov's Radio Work Russia Northwest
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| Vucje Hydroelectric Plant Yugoslavia
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| CERN Instrumentation France
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| 2006 Callan's Pioneering Contributions UKRI
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| WEIZAC Computer Israel
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| TAT-1 Telephone Cable UKRI
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| 2007 Early Remote Control Spain
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| 2009 Maxwell's Equations UKRI<br>
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| Shilling Early Telegraph Russia Northwest
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| Compact Disc Player Benelux
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| 2010 Star of Laufenburg Interconnection Switzerland
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| Branly's Discovery of Radioconduction France
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| Public-Key Cryptography UKRI
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| 2011 Discovery of Superconductivity Benelux<br>
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| Marconi's First Wireless Experiments Italy
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| === Region 9 ===
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| 2001 Chivilingo Hydroelectric Plant Chile<br>
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| Arecibo Radio Telescope Puerto Rico and Carribean
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| 2003 Panama Canal Electrical Installations Panama
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| <br>
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| === Region 10 ===
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| 1995 Yagi Antenna Tokyo
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| 2000 Mount Fuji Radar Nagoya
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| Shinkansen Bullet Train Tokyo
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| 2004 Commercial Quartz Wristwatch Tokyo
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| 2005 Pioneering Work on Calculators Kansai
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| 2006 Development of VHS Tokyo
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| 2007 Railroad Ticketing System Kansai
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| 2008 Japanese Word Processor Tokyo
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| 2009 Development of Electronic TV 1924-41 Nagoya
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| Development of Ferrite Materials Tokyo
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| Yosami Transmitting Station Nagoya
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| Transpacific Reception of Satellite TV Tokyo
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| 2010 Field Effect Electron Microscope Tokyo
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| G3 Facsimile Tokyo
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| Kurobe Hydropower Plant Kansai
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| Commercialization of Photovoltaics Kansai
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| 2011 First Satellite Broadcast to the Public Tokyo
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| <br>
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| <br><br>
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| '''The Milestone program is made possible by donations. Please consider supporting the IEEE History Center’s work by making a donation to
| |
| [https://www.ieee.org/organizations/foundation/DonateOnline.html#| IEEE Foundation - History Center Fund]''' | |
Biography
Sir Marcus 'Mark' Laurence Elwin Oliphant AC, KBE (October 8, 1901 – July 14, 2000) was an Australian physicist and humanitarian who played a fundamental role in the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion and the development of the atomic bomb.
During retirement he was appointed state governor of South Australia. He assisted in the inauguration of the Australian Democrats and chaired the 1977 Melbourne meeting at which the party was launched.
In 1925, he heard a speech given by New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford and decided then and there that he would work for him—an ambition he fulfilled by gaining a position at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1927 which was at the time carrying out the most advanced research into nuclear physics in the world. It was at the Cavendish, for example, that the atom was first split in 1932. Amongst other research, Oliphant worked on the artificial disintegration of the atomic nucleus and positive ions, and he designed complex particle accelerators.
Oliphant's contribution to this work was his discovery of the nuclei of helium 3 (helions) and tritium (tritons). He was also the first to discover heavy hydrogen nuclei could be made to react with each other (tritons and helions being the products, along with protons and neutrons). This fusion reaction is the basis of a hydrogen bomb and fusion power reactors. Ten years later, American scientist Edward Teller would press to use Oliphant's discovery in order to build one. However, Oliphant did not foresee this: "we had no idea whatever that this would one day be applied to make hydrogen bombs. Our curiosity was just curiosity about the structure of the nucleus of the atom, and the discovery of these reactions was purely, as the Americans would put it, coincidental."
In 1937, Oliphant was appointed professor of physics at the University of Birmingham. While visiting prototype radar stations, he realized that a shorter wavelength was needed urgently. In 1939, he obtained a grant from the British Admiralty to develop radar with a wavelength less than 10 centimetres, compared to the best available at the time of 150 cm.
In 1939, he also visited Berkeley, California, where he met Ernest Lawrence, who gave him a complete set of specifications for his 60-inch cyclotron at Birmingham, but the war prevented this from being completed until 1950.
Role in airborne radar development
Oliphant's group at Birmingham included John Randall and Harry Boot who developed the resonant-cavity magnetron in 1940, achieving the wavelengths needed for an airborne radar. The magnetron's power was soon increased 100-fold, and Birmingham concentrated on magnetron development. The first operational magnetrons were delivered in August 1941. This invention was one of the key scientific breakthroughs during the war and played a major part in defeating the German U-boats, intercepting enemy bombers and in directing Allied bombers. See also Tizard Mission.
Role in atomic bomb development
Also at Birmingham, in 1940, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls had calculated that a uranium-235 atomic bomb was feasible. Oliphant took their findings at once to higher authority. A committee, code-named Maud, sent the report to the US "Uranium Committee" around March 1941 but the Americans took no action.
Britain was at war and felt an atomic bomb was urgent; there was less urgency in the USA. Mark Oliphant was one of the people who pushed the American programme into action. Oliphant flew to the United States in late August 1941 in an unheated bomber, ostensibly to discuss the radar programme but was actually tasked to find out why the United States was ignoring the Maud Committee's findings. Oliphant said that "the minutes and reports had been sent to Lyman Briggs, who was the Director of the Uranium Committee, and we were puzzled to receive virtually no comment. I called on Briggs in Washington, only to find out that this inarticulate and unimpressive man had put the reports in his safe and had not shown them to members of his committee. I was amazed and distressed."
Oliphant then met with the Uranium Committee. Samuel K. Allison was a new committee member, a talented experimentalist and a protege of Arthur Compton at the University of Chicago. Oliphant "came to a meeting," Allison recalls, "and said 'bomb' in no uncertain terms. He told us we must concentrate every effort on the bomb and said we had no right to work on power plants or anything but the bomb. The bomb would cost 25 million dollars, he said, and Britain did not have the money or the manpower, so it was up to us." Allison was surprised that Briggs had kept the committee in the dark.
Oliphant then visited his friends Ernest Lawrence, James Conant and Enrico Fermi to explain the urgency. Lawrence then also contacted Conant and Arthur Compton. On July 1, 1941 Vannevar Bush, chairman of the National Defense Research Committee, created the larger and more powerful Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) which was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research. The Uranium Committee became the S-1 Project of the OSRD and in December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Manhattan Engineering District was built, and the project was dubbed the Manhattan Project.
In November 1943, Oliphant moved to work on the Manhattan Project as part of the British delegation. The work on the bomb made him uneasy and he preferred to concentrate on processes for refining uranium-235 at Berkeley with his friend Ernest Lawrence - a vital but less overtly military part of the project. He was awarded the 1943 Hughes Medal.
He returned to England in April 1945 and, after VE-Day, resumed his post as professor of physics at the University of Birmingham. It was here that he first heard of the use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. He was later to remark that he felt "sort of proud that the bomb had worked, and absolutely appalled at what it had done to human beings." He became a harsh critic of nuclear weapons and a member of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. ". . . I, right from the beginning, have been terribly worried by the existence of nuclear weapons and very much against their use." His wartime work would have earned him a Congressional Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm, but the Australian government vetoed the honor.
Later years in Australia
In 1950, Oliphant returned to Australia as first director of the Research School of Physical Sciences at the new Australian National University, where he initiated the design and construction of the world's largest (500MJ) homopolar generator. This machine was used to power the large-scale railgun which was used as a scientific instrument. He established the Australian Academy of Science in 1954 and was its first president until 1956. After retiring from the university in 1967, Oliphant was invited to become state governor of South Australia, a position he held from 1971 to 1976. During his period he caused great concern to premier Don Dunstan when he strongly supported the decision of the governor-general, Sir John Kerr in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. Oliphant was knighted in 1959 and was made a Companion in the Order of Australia (AC) in 1977.
Late in life he watched his wife, Rosa, suffer before her death in 1987 and became an advocate for voluntary euthanasia.
On July 14, 2000, Oliphant died in Canberra, aged 98.
Larson Collection Interview
{{#widget:YouTube16x9|id=z0QaXvLsR9A</youtube>